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Critical success factor (CSF) is a management term for an element that is necessary for an organization or project to achieve its mission. It is a critical factor or activity required for ensuring the success of a company or an organization. The term was initially used in the world of data analysis and business analysis. For example, a CSF for a successful Information Technology (IT) project is user involvement.〔Rockart, John F., "Chief executives define their own data needs", ''Harvard Business Review'' 1979 (2), pages 81-93.〕 :"''Critical success factors are those few things that must go well to ensure success for a manager or an organization, and, therefore, they represent those managerial or enterprise area, that must be given special and continual attention to bring about high performance. CSFs include issues vital to an organization's current operating activities and to its future success''." 〔Boynlon, A.C., and Zmud, R.W. 1984. "An Assessment of Critical Success Factors," Sloan Management Review (25:4), pp. 17-27.〕 Critical success factors should not be confused with success ''criteria''; the latter are outcomes of a project or achievements of an organization that are needed to consider the project a success or to esteem the organization successful. Success criteria are defined with the objectives and may be quantified by key performance indicators (KPIs). Many argue that the success of a business is based on identifying a niche market that will ultimately result in growth, development and profitability. ==Concept history== The concept of "success factors" was developed by D. Ronald Daniel of McKinsey & Company in 1961.〔Daniel, D. Ronald, "Management Information Crisis," ''Harvard Business Review'', Sept.-Oct., 1961.〕 The process was refined into critical success factors by John F. Rockart between 1979〔Rockart, John F. "Chief Executives Define their Own Data Needs" published in "Sussex Business Review" March 1979〕 and 1981.〔Rockart, John F. "A Primer on Critical Success Factors" published in ''The Rise of Managerial Computing: The Best of the Center for Information Systems Research'', edited with Christine V. Bullen. (Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin), 1981, OR, McGraw-Hill School Education Group (1986)〕 In 1995, James A. Johnson and Michael Friesen applied it to many sector settings, including healthcare.〔Johnson, James A. and Michael Friesen (1995). ''The Success Paradigm: Creating Organizational Effectiveness Through Quality and Strategy'' New York: Quorum Books. ISBN 978-0-89930-836-4〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Critical success factor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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